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Project Hula

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</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Project Hula</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Thornbrough_Air_Force_Base" title="Thornbrough Air Force Base">Fort Randall</a> at <a href="Cold_Bay%2C_Alaska" title="Cold Bay, Alaska">Cold Bay</a>, <a href="Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a>, in 1942. Project Hula took place here in 1945. The head of the bay itself is at center right.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Operational scope</th><td class="infobox-data">Transfer of <a href="US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> vessels to the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in anticipation of the <a href="Invasion_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Japan">Invasion of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="Cold_Bay%2C_Alaska" title="Cold Bay, Alaska">Cold Bay</a>, <a href="Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1945 (1945-03-20) –

30 September 1945 (1945-09-30)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data">Japan surrendered before completion of the operation</td></tr></tbody></table>

Project Hula was a secret program during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in which the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> transferred naval vessels to the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in anticipation of the Soviets eventually joining the <a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war against Japan</a>, specifically in preparation for planned Soviet invasions of southern <a href="Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> and the <a href="Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. Based at <a href="Cold_Bay%2C_Alaska" title="Cold Bay, Alaska">Cold Bay</a> in the <a href="Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a>, the project was active during the spring and summer of 1945. It was the largest and most ambitious transfer program of World War II, it included 149 ships delivered (of 180 expected, returned until 1955) and 12,000 personnel trained between 16 April and 4 September 1945 (well after the armistice of 15 August and the surrender of Japan on 2 September) and the US-handed then-Soviet ships took part in the last war operations of 5 September in <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, northern <a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, the Japanese south of <a href="Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a>, and the <a href="Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_Project_Hula">Origins of Project Hula</h2></div>

The <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> had previously fought the <a href="Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in 1904–1905, followed by Japan sending troops into <a href="Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> during the <a href="Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in the <a href="Siberian_Intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Intervention">Siberian Intervention</a> of 1918–1920. Animosities continued as the two countries remained rivals in <a href="Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast Asia</a> after the establishment of the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Japan's increasingly aggressive political and military behavior in <a href="East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> during the 1930s led to border clashes between Soviet forces and Japanese forces in the Japanese puppet state of <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in <a href="Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> in 1937, at <a href="Kanchatzu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchatzu Island">Kanchatzu Island</a> in the <a href="Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a>, and in 1939 in the <a href="Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkhin Gol/Nomonhan Incident</a>. But after 1939, the two countries turned their attention elsewhere – Japan to focus on the <a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> and the Soviet Union to the signing of the <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. Eventually, the <a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a> was signed on 13 April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19973–4-1">[1]</a>

The Soviet Union entered World War II when Germany <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded</a> in June 1941, and in December 1941 Japan entered the war by attacking <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces and territories in the Western <a href="Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Although these events placed the countries on opposite sides in the war, neither had an interest in engaging in military operations against the other, both being fully occupied with the wars in which they already were involved. Thus, the countries maintained a scrupulous neutrality toward one another until almost the very end of World War II; other than inspecting cargos to ensure they did not include war materials and protesting the reflagging of American ships as Soviet ones,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs200815-2">[2]</a> Japan did not deliberately interfere militarily with <a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> <a href="Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> carrying war materiel from the United States to the Soviet Union in the North Pacific, and the Soviet Union turned down American requests to base American aircraft on Soviet territory for operations against Japan and ignored Allied requests for any other actions which might provoke Japan. The Soviet Union's leader, <a href="Josef_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a>, took the position that Soviet entry into the war against Japan would not be possible until after the defeat of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19974–8-3">[3]</a>

During a meeting with <a href="United_States_Ambassador_to_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union">United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union</a> <a href="Averell_Harriman" class="mw-redirect" title="Averell Harriman">Averell Harriman</a> in October 1944, Stalin finally offered to enter the war against Japan, but not until three months after the surrender of Germany, whenever that might be. The Soviet Union had suffered massive military, civilian, and economic losses during the war, so he also made such an entry contingent upon the Allies providing substantial assistance to the Soviet Union in building up its armed forces and military supplies in East Asia and the Pacific in advance of any Soviet operations against Japan. After the Soviet Union provided a list of equipment it required, which the Americans codenamed MILEPOST, the United States began the work of meeting the Soviet requirements outside of and in addition to annual Lend-Lease allotments of aid to the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19978-4">[4]</a>

As part of MILEPOST, the Chief of the Soviet Main Naval Staff, Admiral <a href="Vladimir_Alafuzov" title="Vladimir Alafuzov">Vladimir Alafuzov</a>, and the deputy commander of the U.S. Military Mission in <a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> Clarence E. Olsen, agreed on 20 December 1944 to a list of a dozen types of ships and aircraft the United States would transfer to the Soviets. Among the ships were various types of escort vessels, <a href="Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>, and <a href="Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a>. Olsen also recommended that a "program for training of personnel and for delivery of some of each type of ship should be set up at once" so that Soviet crews could receive instruction from American personnel in the operation of the ships and craft transferred to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19978-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choosing_a_location">Choosing a location</h2></div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cold Bay</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.956%;left:42.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Cold Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Cold Bay lies on the <a href="Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a> in <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:55.20916666666667,-162.71416666666664">55°12′33″N 162°42′51″W / 55.20917°N 162.71417°W / 55.20917; -162.71417</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

In early January 1945, the commander-in-chief of the <a href="Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>, Admiral <a href="Nikolai_Gerasimovich_Kuznetsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov">Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov</a>, suggested that the United States establish the location for the transfer of ships and training of crews in the <a href="Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska</a>'s <a href="Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, where the presence of only a very small civilian population would help to assure the security of the program, which was to be conducted in strict secrecy to avoid alerting the Japanese and perhaps provoking Japan into launching an attack against the Soviet Union. He suggested <a href="Dutch_Harbor%2C_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Harbor, Alaska">Dutch Harbor</a>, on <a href="Unalaska_Island" title="Unalaska Island">Unalaska Island</a>, as a good choice; both the Soviet Navy and <a href="Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a> frequently called there and at nearby <a href="Akutan%2C_Alaska" title="Akutan, Alaska">Akutan</a>, so Soviet personnel were most familiar with those waters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19979-5">[5]</a>

On 18 January 1945, the U.S. <a href="Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> and Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Navy, <a href="Fleet_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Admiral (United States)">Fleet Admiral</a> <a href="Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a>, contacted the Commander of the <a href="North_Pacific_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific Force">North Pacific Force</a>, <a href="Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank Jack Fletcher</a>, to alert him that the United States planned to transfer approximately 250 ships and craft to the Soviet Union between April and December 1945, and that about 2,500 personnel would be present at any given time at the transfer site with a two-week cycle of personnel turnover; he also inquired as to whether Dutch Harbor could accommodate such a program. Fletcher responded on 29 January 1945, rejecting Dutch Harbor because of the lack of housing and training space there and because its harbor was too small to accommodate the expected numbers of ships and too exposed to heavy seas for safe training. He recommended <a href="Cold_Bay%2C_Alaska" title="Cold Bay, Alaska">Cold Bay</a>, on the <a href="Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</a>, as a much better choice because of its protected harbor, shore facilities, and the complete absence of a civilian population, making security of the program much easier than at Dutch Harbor. <a href="Kodiak%2C_Alaska" title="Kodiak, Alaska">Kodiak</a>, on <a href="Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>, which had adequate shore facilities but a harbor inadequately protected from rough seas, was Fletcher's second choice, and Dutch Harbor only his third. King duly informed the U.S. Military Mission in Moscow of the choice of Cold Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19979–10-6">[6]</a>

During a meeting with King at the <a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> on 8 February 1945, Kuznetsov stated that Dutch Harbor was the Soviet Union's first choice, and Kodiak its second. King informed him that the United States had chosen Cold Bay. Kuznetsov was not familiar with Cold Bay, but upon finding it on a map immediately agreed to it as the training site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199710-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2></div>

King officially established the transfer-and-training program as Project Hula in mid-February 1945 and ordered Fletcher to commence the rehabilitation of the <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> facilities at Cold Bay's <a href="Fort_Randall_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Randall (Alaska)">Fort Randall</a>, which had been closed in November 1944. He advised Fletcher that an officer appointed to take charge of the training and his staff would arrive at Cold Bay by 24 March 1945, and that the first 2,500 Soviet trainees would arrive by 1 April 1945, with 550 more to follow by 1 May and another 2,000 by 1 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199710-7">[7]</a>

An early issue to resolve was the matter of how to transport the Soviet Navy personnel to Cold Bay. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Kuznetsov initially proposed that Allied <a href="Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> returning to North America after delivering cargoes in <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> transport Soviet personnel to the <a href="United_States_East_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="United States East Coast">United States East Coast</a>, from which the Soviets could travel across the <a href="Continental_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental United States">continental United States</a> to the <a href="United_States_West_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="United States West Coast">United States West Coast</a> and then by ship to Cold Bay; however, a shortage of Allied shipping in the Pacific made this plan highly problematic. The day after the conference, the Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission, Admiral A. A. Yakimov, proposed that the United States transfer three <a href="Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ships</a> or similar vessels to Soviet registry, and that these ships carry Soviet personnel to Cold Bay, presumably from ports in the <a href="Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Soviet Far East</a>, but the Allied shipping shortage blocked this idea as well. On 24 February 1945, the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Navy, <a href="Vice_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral (United States)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="Richard_S._Edwards" title="Richard S. Edwards">Richard S. Edwards</a>, informed Yakimov that transferred <a href="Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boats</a> and two disassembled self-propelled <a href="Pontoon_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontoon (boat)">pontoon</a> <a href="Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> would be shipped aboard Soviet merchant ships from the U.S. West Coast directly to the Soviet Far East without calling at Cold Bay, reducing the demand on shipping by Soviet personnel requiring transportation to Cold Bay. The Soviets finally decided to transport their personnel to Cold Bay in their own merchant ships while the ships were making their regular voyages to carry Lend-Lease materials from the U.S. West Coast to the Soviet Far East, with each ship carrying about 600 men at a time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199710–11-18">[18]</a>

As the plan was finalized, the United States was to transfer 180 ships – 30 <a href="Tacoma-class_frigate" title="Tacoma-class frigate">Tacoma-class</a> <a href="Patrol_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol frigate">patrol frigates</a> (U.S. Navy <a href="Hull_classification_symbol" title="Hull classification symbol">hull classification symbol</a> PF), 24 <a href="Admirable-class_minesweeper" title="Admirable-class minesweeper">Admirable-class</a> minesweepers (AM), 36 <a href="Auxiliary_motor_minesweeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary motor minesweeper">auxiliary motor minesweepers</a> (YMS), 30 <a href="Large_infantry_landing_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Large infantry landing craft">large infantry landing craft</a> (LCI(L)), 56 <a href="Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">submarine chasers</a> (SC), and four floating workshops (YR) – to the Soviet Union, by 1 November 1945, training about 15,000 Soviet Navy personnel to operate them. After their <a href="Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioning</a> into the Soviet Navy, which would take place at Cold Bay simultaneously with their transfer, the ships would steam in a series of convoys from Cold Bay with a U.S. Navy escort, passing through <a href="Unimak_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Unimak Pass">Unimak Pass</a>, regarded as the safest pass in the Aleutian Islands, and then moving westward along the northern side of the <a href="Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, with smaller vessels which could not make the voyage nonstop – the auxiliary motor minesweepers and submarine chasers – pausing at <a href="Adak%2C_Alaska" title="Adak, Alaska">Adak</a>, to refuel and reprovision. Northwest of <a href="Attu_Island" title="Attu Island">Attu</a>, the U.S. Navy escort would turn the convoy over to a Soviet Navy escort, and each convoy would then steam north of the <a href="Commander_Islands" title="Commander Islands">Commander Islands</a> to <a href="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a>, from which the transferred ships would disperse to their designated home ports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712,_20–21-19">[19]</a>

The Soviets planned for the first Soviet personnel to arrive at Cold Bay, aboard five merchant ships in late March or early April 1945, depending on ice conditions in the Soviet Far East. The first ship would carry a staff of 23 headed by a <a href="Rear_admiral" title="Rear admiral">rear admiral</a>, three substaffs (out of a planned five) of 11 to 17 personnel each, and 45 to 50 interpreters. Upon disembarking at Cold Bay, Soviet personnel were to come under the overall command of the American officer commanding the training-and-transfer program and were under orders to accede to American orders without question while at Cold Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Hula_begins">Project Hula begins</h2></div>

The U.S. Navy created Naval Detachment No. 3294 specifically for Project Hula; it was to be responsible for all training and transfer activities at Cold Bay. On 7 March 1945, it assigned <a href="Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> William S. Maxwell, then in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to command the detachment. Before leaving Washington, Maxwell recommended an increase in the number of <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian-language</a> translators to be assigned to Cold Bay and urged that the U.S. Navy <a href="Bureau_of_Ships" title="Bureau of Ships">Bureau of Ships</a> ensure that each ship to be transferred had all of its authorized equipment loaded and installed and no equipment not authorized for transfer aboard before arriving at Cold Bay. He then left for Cold Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712–13-21">[21]</a>

Arriving at Cold Bay on 19 March 1945, and newly promoted to <a href="Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a>, Maxwell took command of the naval base there the following day. Under his command were 694 U.S. Navy and <a href="United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> personnel, 47 <a href="United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">United States Marines</a>, and a U.S. Army contingent of 605; his personnel strength soon stabilized at around 1,500 as Army personnel transferred out and naval personnel replaced them. He found that an advance party under his second-in-command, U.S. Coast Guard <a href="Lieutenant_Commander_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> John J. Hutson, had already established Detachment 3294's <a href="Antisubmarine_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisubmarine warfare">Antisubmarine Warfare</a> Department. He also discovered that the naval facilities required more rehabilitation than he had been led to believe, so he moved his command into Fort Randall, which had been closed since November 1944, and set about readying its facilities to support Project Hula, including the establishment of housing, classrooms, movie theaters, a radio station, and a <a href="Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> field; the selection of instructors for courses in radio and <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> operation, engineering, <a href="Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">gunnery</a>, <a href="Naval_mine#Mine_sweeping" title="Naval mine">minesweeping</a>, <a href="Damage_control_(maritime)" title="Damage control (maritime)">damage control</a>, and <a href="Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a> operation; and the procurement of radios, radars, minesweeping gear, <a href="Gyrocompass" title="Gyrocompass">gyrocompasses</a>, engines, <a href="Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projectors</a>, and training films and other educational tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199713,_16-22">[22]</a>

The first Soviets to arrive at Cold Bay were members of the Soviet Purchasing Commission, who disembarked at the base on 23 March 1945. Maxwell believed that a great deal of classroom training would be necessary before the Soviet personnel began to train at sea, but the Soviet officers disagreed, preferring a greater emphasis on training at sea. They worked for a week on a training program that both sides could agree on, and achieved a successful compromise before the first trainees arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199716-23">[23]</a>

The first Soviet trainees reached Cold Bay aboard five Soviet merchant ships, each carrying nearly 500 Soviet trainees, that arrived one per day each day from 10 to 14 April 1945, by which time 2,358 Soviet personnel of what were to become the Soviet Navy's 16th Minesweeper Division and 2nd Submarine Chaser Division had disembarked, joining 1,350 American personnel. Rear Admiral Boris Dimitrievich Popov arrived on 11 April aboard the steamer Sevastopol and took command of Soviet personnel at Cold Bay, who the Soviet Navy designated the 5th Independent Detachment of Soviet Navy Ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199716-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_transfers">Training and transfers</h2></div>

The first 220 Soviet <a href="Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">officers</a> and 1,895 <a href="Enlisted_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlisted men">enlisted men</a> began training at Cold Bay on 16 April 1945, divided by ship type and then further divided by individual ship assignment. Although the Soviet personnel took their training very seriously, an immediate challenge for the American instructors was the Soviets' complete lack of familiarity with radar, <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, and the ships' propulsion plants, in addition to a lack of Russian-language training manuals. Personnel of the Soviet Purchasing Commission and 5th Independent Detachment remedied this by producing Russian-language manuals for use in Project Hula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199717-24">[24]</a>

Material issues also arose in relation to the ships themselves. The Bureau of Ships had not heeded Maxwell's request to ensure that all ships to be transferred arrived properly equipped, and early in the program every ship arrived at Cold Bay without all authorized equipment or with unauthorized equipment still installed. A great deal of required equipment had to be flown into <a href="Fort_Randall_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Randall Army Airfield">Fort Randall Army Airfield</a> daily, and some ships had to undergo on-the-spot revisions to their authorized equipment lists. A further difficulty was damage to the wooden-hulled ships – the auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS) and submarine chasers – in the rough seas in the training area. The closest repair facilities for these ships was nearly 200 <a href="Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (370 <a href="Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 230 <a href="Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) away at <a href="Dutch_Harbor_Naval_Operating_Base_and_Fort_Mears%2C_U.S._Army" title="Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army">Dutch Harbor</a>, and an auxiliary motor minesweeper and nine submarine chasers had to visit Dutch Harbor for major repairs, delaying the submarine chaser program by eight days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199718-25">[25]</a>

Despite these difficulties, the first convoy of transferred ships – three minesweepers and five auxiliary motor minesweepers – departed Cold Bay for the Soviet Union on 28 May 1945; the second – of three minesweepers and six submarine chasers – departed on 30 May, with one of its submarine chasers dropping out at Adak, for repairs, and the third, made up of three minesweepers and seven submarine chasers, left on 7 June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199720-10">[10]</a> However, poor repair work and supply problems in Seattle plagued the submarine chaser program, and Maxwell was forced to arrange for submarine chasers assigned to duty in the U.S. Navy's <a href="13th_Naval_District" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Naval District">13th Naval District</a> to substitute for some of those originally scheduled for transfer in order to meet a deadline of having all ships transferred by 1 October 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728-16">[16]</a>

Training 100 Soviet officers and 800 enlisted men for the transfer of 30 large infantry landing craft (LCI(L)) in two training cycles began on 7 May 1945 and proved to be the most successful of the Project Hula training programs. The first cycle lasted 15 days, and experience gained in it allowed the second cycle to be cut to nine days. The fourth convoy to depart Cold Bay, consisting of four LCI(L)s, two minesweepers, and six submarine chasers, which left on 11 June 1945, was the first to include LCI(L)s, and all Soviet LCI(L) crews departed for the Soviet Union aboard their ships before the end of July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199719–21-26">[26]</a>

The 30 Tacoma-class patrol frigates were the largest, most heavily armed, and most expensive ships scheduled for transfer in Project Hula. The first 572 officers and men of the Soviet Navy's 10th Frigate Division arrived at Cold Bay on 12 June 1945 aboard the Soviet steamer Felix Dzerzhinski and began training to take over the patrol frigates on 14 June, the same day that the first nine patrol frigates – <a href="USS_Charlottesville" title="USS Charlottesville">USS Charlottesville (PF-25)</a>, <a href="USS_Long_Beach_(PF-34)" title="USS Long Beach (PF-34)">USS Long Beach (PF-34)</a>, <a href="USS_Belfast" title="USS Belfast">USS Belfast (PF-35)</a>, <a href="USS_Glendale" title="USS Glendale">USS Glendale (PF-36)</a>, <a href="USS_San_Pedro" title="USS San Pedro">USS San Pedro (PF-37)</a>, <a href="USS_Coronado_(PF-38)" title="USS Coronado (PF-38)">USS Coronado (PF-38)</a>, <a href="USS_Allentown" title="USS Allentown">USS Allentown (PF-52)</a>, <a href="USS_Machias_(PF-53)" title="USS Machias (PF-53)">USS Machias (PF-53)</a>, and <a href="USS_Sandusky_(PF-54)" title="USS Sandusky (PF-54)">USS Sandusky (PF-54)</a> – arrived at Cold Bay. Another 570 personnel of the 10th Frigate Division arrived on 15 June 1945 aboard the Soviet steamer Chaikovskii. The first nine patrol frigates to arrive, plus <a href="USS_Ogden_(PF-39)" title="USS Ogden (PF-39)">USS Ogden (PF-39)</a>, which arrived at Cold Bay on 27 June 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Ogden''-27">[27]</a> made up the first group of 10 frigates transferred to the Soviets on 12 July 1945; they departed Cold Bay in convoy on 15 July 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_24,_28,_39-28">[28]</a>

The four floating workshops (YR) slated for transfer were all taken under tow by Soviet merchant ships calling at Cold Bay on their way from the U.S. West Coast to the Soviet Far East during the summer of 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728-16">[16]</a>

Relations between Soviet and American personnel at Cold Bay remained amicable and cooperative throughout the life of the project. The best-performing Soviet trainees were retained at Cold Bay to serve alongside the American instructors in training other Soviet personnel who arrived later. By 31 July 1945, Project Hula had transferred 100 of the planned 180 vessels to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199718,_28-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Union_declares_war">Soviet Union declares war</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></div>

As Stalin had promised, the Soviet Union declared war against Japan on 8 August 1945, exactly three months after the capitulation of Germany, and began <a href="Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">an offensive</a> against Japanese forces in Northeast Asia the next day. Although an armistice halted combat between the other Allies and Japan on 15 August 1945 (14 August on the other side of the <a href="International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a> in Cold Bay) and Japan formally <a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrendered</a> to the Allies aboard the <a href="Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri (BB-63)</a> in <a href="Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> on 2 September 1945, Soviet offensive operations continued until 5 September 1945, by which time Soviet forces had overrun the Japanese puppet state of <a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in <a href="Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, the northern half of <a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, the Japanese province of <a href="Karafuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Karafuto">Karafuto</a> on the southern half of <a href="Sakhalin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhalin Island">Sakhalin Island</a>, and the <a href="Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. Despite the Soviet Union's now-overt participation in the war, Project Hula remained secret and subject to strict censorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199729,_32–33-30">[30]</a>

The Soviet entry into the war seemed if anything to make Soviet-American cooperation at Cold Bay even better than before, and Maxwell and Popov, worked to accelerate training and transfers to get ships into Soviet hands as quickly as possible in support of the Soviet offensive. Previously trained Soviet personnel returned to Cold Bay to serve as nucleus crews for newly transferred ships, and the training of their fellow crewmen was cut to the minimum necessary for the Soviet crews to take their vessels home. On 25 August 1945, Navy Detachment 3294 completed the final cycle of classroom training for Soviet personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199718,_28-29">[29]</a>

At Cold Bay on the day of Japan's surrender, 2 September 1945, the Soviet Navy took control of the patrol frigates <a href="USS_Bayonne" title="USS Bayonne">USS Bayonne (PF-21)</a> and <a href="USS_Poughkeepsie_(PF-26)" title="USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)">USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)</a>. On 4 September 1945, the last four ships to be transferred in Project Hula – the patrol frigates <a href="USS_Gloucester_(PF-22)" title="USS Gloucester (PF-22)">USS Gloucester (PF-22)</a>, <a href="USS_Newport_(PF-27)" title="USS Newport (PF-27)">USS Newport (PF-27)</a>, <a href="USS_Bath_(PF-55)" title="USS Bath (PF-55)">USS Bath (PF-55)</a>, and <a href="USS_Evansville_(PF-70)" title="USS Evansville (PF-70)">USS Evansville (PF-70)</a> – were commissioned into the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199734-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_Hula_concludes">Project Hula concludes</h2></div>

On 5 September 1945, a few hours after Soviet forces completed their <a href="Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">occupation of the Kuril Islands</a>, Maxwell received orders to cease transfers of ships other than those for which Soviet crews already were in training; this cancelled the transfer of two patrol frigates, five auxiliary motor minesweepers, and 24 submarine chasers. The stop-transfer order caught some of the ships scheduled for transfer, including the patrol frigates <a href="USS_Annapolis_(PF-15)" title="USS Annapolis (PF-15)">USS Annapolis (PF-15)</a> and <a href="USS_Bangor" title="USS Bangor">USS Bangor (PF-16)</a>, while they were at sea bound from the U.S. West Coast to Cold Bay. The other ships turned back, but Annapolis and Bangor pressed on to Cold Bay, took aboard American personnel requiring transportation to the continental United States, and steamed back to Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199734–35-32">[32]</a>

At Cold Bay, Soviet and American personnel set about the business of shutting down Project Hula. The last four patrol frigates transferred remained at Cold Bay for additional training and <a href="Shakedown_cruise" title="Shakedown cruise">shakedown</a> before departing for the Soviet Union in the final Project Hula convoy on 17 September 1945. The remaining personnel of the Soviet Navy's 5th Independent Detachment – Popov, his staff, and the partially trained crews of the 31 ships no longer scheduled for transfer – departed Cold Bay for the Soviet Union aboard the Soviet steamer Carl Schurz on 27 September 1945. Maxwell decommissioned the base at Cold Bay on 30 September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199735-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_transfer_results">Training and transfer results</h2></div>

Project Hula was "the largest and most ambitious transfer program of World War II."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19971-34">[34]</a> During the 142 days between the commencement of training activities at Cold Bay on 16 April 1945 and the transfer of the last four ships there on 4 September 1945, U.S. Navy Detachment 3294 trained some 12,000 Soviet Navy personnel – about 750 officers and 11,250 enlisted men – and transferred 149 ships and craft – 28 patrol frigates (PF), 24 minesweepers (AM), 30 large infantry landing craft (LCI(L)), 31 auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS), 32 submarine chasers (SC), and four floating workshops (YR) – at Cold Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19971,_33,_35,_39–40-35">[35]</a>

In Soviet service, the patrol frigates were redesignated storozhevoi korabl ("escort vessel") and received the designation "EK"; minesweepers and auxiliary motor minesweepers were redesignated tralshik ("minesweeper") and received the designation "T"; large infantry landing craft were redesignated desantiye suda ("landing ship") and received the designation "DS"; and submarine chasers were redesignated bolshiye okhotniki za podvodnimi lodkami ("large submarine hunter"), and received the designation "BO". None of the ships received names in Soviet service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728-16">[16]</a>

Popov, reported to Maxwell at Cold Bay in late August 1945 that LCI(L)s transferred under Project Hula played an important role in the Soviet assault on the Kuril Islands just ten days after arriving at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and that other Project Hula ships had taken part in Soviet operations against the Japanese in northern Korea and on southern Sakhalin Island. He did not mention losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199734-31">[31]</a> Five ships transferred in Project Hula, all former LCI(L)s – DS-1 (ex-USS LCI(L)-672), DS-5 (ex-USS LCI(L)-525), DS-9 (ex-USS LCI(L)-554), DS-43 (ex-USS LCI(L)-943), and DS-47 (ex-USS LCI(L)-671) – were lost in combat during the operations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199739–40-36">[36]</a> all of them sunk by Japanese <a href="Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> on 18 August 1945 during the Soviet <a href="Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">landings</a> on <a href="Shumshu" title="Shumshu">Shumshu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31,_39–40-37">[37]</a>

The transfer dates for ships under Project Hula follow. The U.S. Navy <a href="Ship_decommissioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship decommissioning">decommissioned</a> each ship on the day of transfer and the Soviet Navy simultaneously commissioned it. Each ship is identified by its U.S. Navy name and designation, followed by its Soviet Navy designation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[note 1]</a> Not included are the four floating workshops (YRs), which were transferred to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728-16">[16]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Auxiliary_motor_minesweeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary motor minesweeper">Auxiliary motor minesweepers</a> (YMS): USS YMS-143 (T-522), USS YMS-144 (T-523), USS YMS-428 (T-525), USS YMS-435 (T-526)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">Minesweepers</a> (AM): <a href="USS_Fancy" title="USS Fancy">USS Fancy (AM-234)</a> (T-272), <a href="USS_Marvel" title="USS Marvel">USS Marvel (AM-262)</a> (T-274), <a href="USS_Measure" title="USS Measure">USS Measure (AM-263)</a> (T-275), <a href="USS_Method" title="USS Method">USS Method (AM-264)</a> (T-276), <a href="USS_Mirth" title="USS Mirth">USS Mirth (AM-265)</a> (T-277), <a href="USS_Nucleus" title="USS Nucleus">USS Nucleus (AM-268)</a> (T-277), <a href="USS_Rampart" title="USS Rampart">USS Rampart (AM-282)</a> (T-278)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Minesweepers: <a href="USS_Disdain" title="USS Disdain">USS Disdain (AM-222)</a> (T-271), <a href="USS_Indicative" title="USS Indicative">USS Indicative (AM-250)</a> (T-273), <a href="USS_Palisade" title="USS Palisade">USS Palisade (AM-270)</a> (T-279), <a href="USS_Penetrate" title="USS Penetrate">USS Penetrate (AM-271)</a> (T-280), <a href="USS_Peril" title="USS Peril">USS Peril (AM-272)</a> (T-281)</li>

<li>Auxiliary motor minesweeper (YMS): USS YMS-145 (T-524)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chasers</a> (SC): USS SC-537 (BO-304), USS SC-646 (probably BO-310), USS SC-647 (BO-308), USS SC-661 (BO-303), USS SC-674 (BO-306), USS SC-687 (BO-301)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Submarine chasers (SC): USS SC-657 (BO-307), USS SC-660 (BO-311), USS SC-663 (BO-318), USS SC-673 (BO-316), USS SC-713 (BO-313), USS SC-986 (BO-305), USS SC-1021 (BO-312), USS SC-1060 (BO-317)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Auxiliary motor minesweeper (YMS): USS YMS-59 (T-521)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Large_infantry_landing_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Large infantry landing craft">Large infantry landing craft</a> (LCI(L)): USS LCI(L)-584 (DS-38), USS LCI(L)-585 (DS-45), USS LCI(L)-590 (DS-34), USS LCI(L)-591 (DS-35), USS LCI(L)-592 (DS-39), USS LCI(L)-593 (DS-31), USS LCI(L)-665 (DS-36), USS LCI(L)-667 (DS-40), USS LCI(L)-668 (DS-41), USS LCI(L)-675 (DS-42), USS LCI(L)-943 (DS-43), USS LCI(L)-949 (DS-44), USS LCI(L)-950 (DS-32)</li>

<li>Submarine chasers (SC): <a href="USS_SC-500" title="USS SC-500">USS SC-500</a> (BO-319), USS SC-634 (BO-309), USS SC-675 (BO-314), USS SC-1295 (BO-320), USS SC-1324 (BO-315)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Large infantry landing craft (LCI(L)): USS LCI(L)-586 (DS-37), USS LCI(L)-587 (DS-33)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Patrol_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol frigate">Patrol frigates</a> (PF): <a href="USS_Charlottesville" title="USS Charlottesville">USS Charlottesville (PF-25)</a> (EK-1), <a href="USS_Long_Beach_(PF-34)" title="USS Long Beach (PF-34)">USS Long Beach (PF-34)</a> (EK-2), <a href="USS_Belfast" title="USS Belfast">USS Belfast (PF-35)</a> (EK-3), <a href="USS_Glendale" title="USS Glendale">USS Glendale (PF-36)</a> (EK-6), <a href="USS_San_Pedro" title="USS San Pedro">USS San Pedro (PF-37)</a> (EK-5), <a href="USS_Coronado_(PF-38)" title="USS Coronado (PF-38)">USS Coronado (PF-38)</a> (EK-8), <a href="USS_Ogden_(PF-39)" title="USS Ogden (PF-39)">USS Ogden (PF-39)</a> (EK-10), <a href="USS_Allentown" title="USS Allentown">USS Allentown (PF-52)</a> (EK-9), <a href="USS_Machias_(PF-53)" title="USS Machias (PF-53)">USS Machias (PF-53)</a> (EK-4), <a href="USS_Sandusky_(PF-54)" title="USS Sandusky (PF-54)">USS Sandusky (PF-54)</a> (EK-7)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Minesweepers (AM): <a href="USS_Admirable" title="USS Admirable">USS Admirable (AM-136)</a> (T-331), <a href="USS_Adopt" title="USS Adopt">USS Adopt (AM-137)</a> (T-332), <a href="USS_Astute" title="USS Astute">USS Astute (AM-148)</a> (T-333), <a href="USS_Augury" title="USS Augury">USS Augury (AM-149)</a> (T-334), <a href="USS_Barrier" title="USS Barrier">USS Barrier (AM-150)</a> (T-335), <a href="USS_Bombard" title="USS Bombard">USS Bombard (AM-151)</a> (T-336)</li>

<li>Auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS): USS YMS-38 (T-593), USS YMS-42 (T-592), USS YMS-75 (T-590), USS YMS-139 (T-594), USS YMS-178 (T-588), USS YMS-184 (T-595), USS YMS-216 (T-596), USS YMS-237 (T-589), USS YMS-241 (T-591), USS YMS-272 (T-597), USS YMS-273 (T-598), USS YMS-295 (T-599)</li>

<li>Submarine chaser (SC): USS SC-685 (BO-302)</li></ul>

<ul><li>Large infantry landing craft (LCI(L)): USS LCI(L)-521 (DS-8), USS LCI(L)-522 (DS-2), USS LCI(L)-523 (DS-3), USS LCI(L)-524 (DS-4), USS LCI(L)-525 (DS-5), USS LCI(L)-526 (DS-46), USS LCI(L)-527 (probably DS-7), USS LCI(L)-551 (DS-48), USS LCI(L)-554 (DS-9), USS LCI(L)-557 (DS-10), USS LCI(L)-666 (DS-50), USS LCI(L)-671 (DS-47), USS LCI(L)-672 (DS-1), USS LCI(L)-945 (DS-6), USS LCI(L)-946 (DS-49)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>2 August</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Auxiliary motor minesweeper (YMS): USS YMS-260 (T-527)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>16 August 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Patrol frigates (PF): <a href="USS_Tacoma_(PF-3)" title="USS Tacoma (PF-3)">USS Tacoma (PF-3)</a> (EK-11), <a href="USS_Sausalito" title="USS Sausalito">USS Sausalito (PF-4)</a> (EK-16), <a href="USS_Hoquiam" title="USS Hoquiam">USS Hoquiam (PF-5)</a>(EK-13), <a href="USS_Pasco" title="USS Pasco">USS Pasco (PF-6)</a> (EK-12), <a href="USS_Albuquerque_(PF-7)" title="USS Albuquerque (PF-7)">USS Albuquerque (PF-7)</a> (EK-14), <a href="USS_Everett" title="USS Everett">USS Everett (PF-8)</a> (EK-15)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>17 August 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Minesweepers: <a href="USS_Bond_(AM-152)" title="USS Bond (AM-152)">USS Bond (AM-152)</a> (T-285), <a href="USS_Candid" title="USS Candid">USS Candid (AM-154)</a> (T-283), <a href="USS_Capable_(AM-155)" title="USS Capable (AM-155)">USS Capable (AM-155)</a> (T-339), <a href="USS_Captivate" title="USS Captivate">USS Captivate (AM-156)</a> (T-338), <a href="USS_Caravan" title="USS Caravan">USS Caravan (AM-157)</a> (T-337), <a href="USS_Caution" title="USS Caution">USS Caution (AM-158)</a> (T-284)</li>

<li>Auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS): USS YMS-33 (T-603), USS YMS-85 (T-604), USS YMS-100 (T-602), USS YMS-266 (T-601), USS YMS-288 (T-600), USS YMS-301 (T-605)</li>

<li>Submarine chasers (SC): USS SC-538 (BO-321), USS SC-643 (BO-322), USS SC-752 (BO-325), USS SC-754 (BO-324), USS SC-774 (BO-323), USS SC-997 (BO-326), USS SC-1007 (BO-332), USS SC-1011 (BO-327), USS SC-1031 (BO-328), USS SC-1364 (BO-331), USS SC-1365 (BO-329)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>26 August 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Patrol frigates (PF): <a href="USS_Bisbee" title="USS Bisbee">USS Bisbee (PF-46)</a> (EK-17), <a href="USS_Gallup_(PF-47)" title="USS Gallup (PF-47)">USS Gallup (PF-47)</a> (EK-22), <a href="USS_Rockford" title="USS Rockford">USS Rockford (PF-48)</a> (EK-18), <a href="USS_Muskogee" title="USS Muskogee">USS Muskogee (PF-49)</a> (EK-19), <a href="USS_Carson_City_(PF-50)" title="USS Carson City (PF-50)">USS Carson City (PF-50)</a> (EK-20), <a href="USS_Burlington_(PF-51)" title="USS Burlington (PF-51)">USS Burlington (PF-51)</a> (EK-21)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>27 August 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS): USS YMS-88 (T-608), USS YMS-180 (T-609), USS YMS-135 (T-606), USS YMS-332 (T-607), USS YMS-285 (T-610)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>2 September 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Patrol frigates (PF): <a href="USS_Bayonne" title="USS Bayonne">USS Bayonne (PF-21)</a> (EK-25), <a href="USS_Poughkeepsie_(PF-26)" title="USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)">USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)</a> (EK-27)</li>

<li>Submarine chaser (SC): USS SC-756 (BO-335)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>3 September 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Auxiliary motor minesweeper (YMS): USS YMS-287 (T-611)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>4 September 1945</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Patrol frigates (PF): <a href="USS_Gloucester_(PF-22)" title="USS Gloucester (PF-22)">USS Gloucester (PF-22)</a> (EK-26), <a href="USS_Newport_(PF-27)" title="USS Newport (PF-27)">USS Newport (PF-27)</a> (EK-28), <a href="USS_Bath_(PF-55)" title="USS Bath (PF-55)">USS Bath (PF-55)</a> (EK-29), <a href="USS_Evansville_(PF-70)" title="USS Evansville (PF-70)">USS Evansville (PF-70)</a> (EK-30)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div>

Under U.S. law, all ships transferred to foreign countries under Lend-Lease had to be returned to U.S. custody after the conclusion of World War II, and in February 1946 the United States began negotiations with the Soviet Union for the return of transferred ships. However, relations between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies deteriorated rapidly after the end of World War II as the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began, hindering the return of ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199737-39">[38]</a>

Subtracting the five former LCI(L)s lost in combat and an auxiliary motor minesweeper that sank in 1945, 143 Project Hula ships were subject to return to the United States. On 7 March 1947, <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="James_V._Forrestal" class="mw-redirect" title="James V. Forrestal">James V. Forrestal</a>, presented the <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> with a list of 480 warships that the <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a> wanted the Soviet Union to return, including all 28 patrol frigates transferred under Project Hula. In 1948, the Soviet Union finally agreed to return the patrol frigates, and it handed over 27 of them in October and November 1949; the 28th, EK-3, ex-USS Belfast (PF-35), had been driven aground and nearly sunk in a storm off Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, on 17 November 1948, was beyond economical repair, and was never returned, instead being scrapped in the Soviet Union, in 1960. Negotiations over the Department of the Navy's other major focus, the 25 surviving former LCI(L)s, dragged on longer, but in the end the Soviets returned 15 of them to the United States in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738–40-40">[39]</a> By 1957, the U.S. <a href="Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> reported that of the 149 Project Hula ships, only 18 of those still in Soviet custody – nine minesweepers (AM), five submarine chasers (SC), and the four floating workshops (YR) – remained serviceable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738-41">[40]</a>

Ironically, the U.S. Navy actually did not want to take delivery of many of the Lend-Lease ships because they were no longer useful and would be expensive to take custody of and dispose of. As a result some ships underwent a merely administrative transfer to U.S. custody to meet the letter of the law and then were sold for scrap in the Soviet Union or destroyed in Soviet waters under the direct observation of American naval authorities. The Soviet Union transferred two auxiliary motor minesweepers to the <a href="People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, but all of the other 97 Project Hula ships remaining in Soviet hands after the return of the 15 LCI(L)s in 1955 either were sold for scrap in the Soviet Union (81 ships) or destroyed off its coast (16 ships), presumably off <a href="Nakhodka" title="Nakhodka">Nakhodka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738,_40-42">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> All information from <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 34, 35, 39–40. Russell's table on page 39 places the final transfer date of patrol frigates on 9 September 1945, but this contradicts the text on pages 34–35 placing it on 4 September 1945 and stating that transfers were ordered to halt as of 5 September 1945.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19973–4-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19973–4_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 3–4.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs200815-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs200815_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs2008">Jacobs 2008</a>, p. 15.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19974–8-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19974–8_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 4–8.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19978-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19978_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19978_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 8.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19979-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19979_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 9.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19979–10-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19979–10_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 9–10.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199710-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199710_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199710_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 10.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_38,_39-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_38,_39_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 21, 38, 39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199739-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199739_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199720-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199720_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199720_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199720_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 20.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_39-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_39_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 21, 39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199726-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199726_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 26.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199729-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199729_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 29.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199719-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199719_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728,_40-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728,_40_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 28, 40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199728-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199728_16-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 28.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199724-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199724_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199724_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 24.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199710–11-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199710–11_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 10–11.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712,_20–21-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199712,_20–21_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 12, 20–21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199712_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 12.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199712–13-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199712–13_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 12–13.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199713,_16-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199713,_16_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 13, 16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199716-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199716_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199716_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199717-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199717_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199718-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199718_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 18.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199719–21-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199719–21_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 19–21.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Ogden''-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Ogden''_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDANFS_Ogden">DANFS Ogden</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_24,_28,_39-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199721,_24,_28,_39_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 21, 24, 28, 39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199718,_28-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199718,_28_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199718,_28_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 18, 28.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199729,_32–33-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199729,_32–33_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 29, 32–33.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199734-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199734_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199734_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 34.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199734–35-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199734–35_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 34–35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199735-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199735_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 35.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19971-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19971_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 1.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell19971,_33,_35,_39–40-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell19971,_33,_35,_39–40_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 1, 33, 35, 39–40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199739–40-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199739–40_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 39–40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31,_39–40-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199730–31,_39–40_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 30–31, 39–40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199737-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199737_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 37.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738–40-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199738–40_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 38–40.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199738_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, p. 38.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199738,_40-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell199738,_40_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1997">Russell 1997</a>, pp. 38, 40.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Project_Hula" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Project Hula">Project Hula</a>.</div></div>

</div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen1995" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas B. (1995). Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb. Simon & Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780671886288</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEldridge2001" class="citation book cs1">Eldridge, Robert D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYiYKCIdz28C">The Origins of the Bilateral Okinawa Problem: Okinawa in Postwar US-Japan Relations, 1945-1952</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781136712111</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Richard B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downfallendofimp00fran">Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-679-41424-X</bdi>. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1983" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/Glantz-lp7.pdf">August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Invasion Offensive in Manchuria</a> (PDF). Leavenworth Papers. Vol. 7. Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-3451">0195-3451</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, William A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p01bFVagOJYC&pg=PA15">"American National Strategy in the East Asian and Pacific War: The North Pacific"</a>. In Chandonnet, Fern (ed.). Alaska at War, 1941–1945: The Forgotten War Remembered. Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60223-013-2</bdi>. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJane's_Fighting_Ships" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/180">Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II</a>. Random House. 1989. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/180">180–185</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0517679630</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDANFS_Ogden" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/o/ogden-i.html">"Ogden I (PF-39)"</a>. <a href="Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a>. <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRussell1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Richard A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Za_xPPsxhmwC">Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="Naval_Historical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Historical Center">Naval Historical Center</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-945274-35-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Project_Hula_ships16410" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Project_Hula_ships16410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> ships</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"> <a href="United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Tacoma-class_frigate" title="Tacoma-class frigate">Tacoma-class patrol frigates (PF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="USS_Albuquerque_(PF-7)" title="USS Albuquerque (PF-7)">Albuquerque</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Allentown" title="USS Allentown">Allentown</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Bayonne" title="USS Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Belfast" title="USS Belfast">Belfast</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Bisbee" title="USS Bisbee">Bisbee</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Burlington_(PF-51)" title="USS Burlington (PF-51)">Burlington</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Carson_City_(PF-50)" title="USS Carson City (PF-50)">Carson City</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Charlottesville" title="USS Charlottesville">Charlottesville</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Coronado_(PF-38)" title="USS Coronado (PF-38)">Coronado</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Evansville_(PF-70)" title="USS Evansville (PF-70)">Evansville</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Everett" title="USS Everett">Everett</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Gallup_(PF-47)" title="USS Gallup (PF-47)">Gallup</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Glendale" title="USS Glendale">Glendale</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Gloucester_(PF-22)" title="USS Gloucester (PF-22)">Gloucester</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Hoquiam" title="USS Hoquiam">Hoquiam</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Long_Beach_(PF-34)" title="USS Long Beach (PF-34)">Long Beach</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Machias_(PF-53)" title="USS Machias (PF-53)">Machias</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Muskogee" title="USS Muskogee">Muskogee</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Newport_(PF-27)" title="USS Newport (PF-27)">Newport</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Ogden_(PF-39)" title="USS Ogden (PF-39)">Ogden</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Pasco" title="USS Pasco">Pasco</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Poughkeepsie_(PF-26)" title="USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)">Poughkeepsie</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Rockford" title="USS Rockford">Rockford</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_San_Pedro" title="USS San Pedro">San Pedro</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Sandusky_(PF-54)" title="USS Sandusky (PF-54)">Sandusky</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Sausalito" title="USS Sausalito">Sausalito</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Tacoma_(PF-3)" title="USS Tacoma (PF-3)">Tacoma</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Admirable-class_minesweeper" title="Admirable-class minesweeper">Admirable-class minesweepers (AM)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="USS_Admirable" title="USS Admirable">Admirable</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Adopt" title="USS Adopt">Adopt</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Astute" title="USS Astute">Astute</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Augury" title="USS Augury">Augury</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Barrier" title="USS Barrier">Barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Bombard" title="USS Bombard">Bombard</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Candid" title="USS Candid">Candid</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Capable_(AM-155)" title="USS Capable (AM-155)">Capable</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Captivate" title="USS Captivate">Captivate</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Caravan" title="USS Caravan">Caravan</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Caution" title="USS Caution">Caution</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Disdain" title="USS Disdain">Disdain</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Fancy" title="USS Fancy">Fancy</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Indicative" title="USS Indicative">Indicative</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Marvel" title="USS Marvel">Marvel</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Measure" title="USS Measure">Measure</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Method" title="USS Method">Method</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Mirth" title="USS Mirth">Mirth</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Nucleus" title="USS Nucleus">Nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Palisade" title="USS Palisade">Palisade</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Penetrate" title="USS Penetrate">Penetrate</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Peril" title="USS Peril">Peril</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Rampart" title="USS Rampart">Rampart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="LCI(L)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCI(L)">Large infantry landing craft (LCI(L))</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Auxiliary_motor_minesweeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary motor minesweeper">Auxiliary motor minesweepers (YMS)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chasers (SC)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Floating workshops (YR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Four unidentified units</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"> <a href="Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Tacoma-class_frigate" title="Tacoma-class frigate">Tacoma-class</a> storozhevoi korabl (EK) ("escort vessel")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="USS_Charlottesville_(PF-25)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Charlottesville (PF-25)">EK-1</a> (ex-Charlottesville)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Long_Beach_(PF-34)" title="USS Long Beach (PF-34)">EK-2</a> (ex-Long Beach)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Belfast_(PF-35)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Belfast (PF-35)">EK-3</a> (ex-Belfast)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Machias_(PF-53)" title="USS Machias (PF-53)">EK-4</a> (ex-Machias)</li>

<li><a href="USS_San_Pedro_(PF-37)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS San Pedro (PF-37)">EK-5</a> (ex-San Pedro)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Glendale_(PF-36)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Glendale (PF-36)">EK-6</a> (ex-Glendale)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Ogden_(PF-39)" title="USS Ogden (PF-39)">EK-7</a> (ex-Ogden)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Coronado_(PF-38)" title="USS Coronado (PF-38)">EK-8</a> (ex-Coronado)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Allentown_(PF-52)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Allentown (PF-52)">EK-9</a> (ex-Allentown)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Ogden_(PF-39)" title="USS Ogden (PF-39)">EK-10</a> (ex-Ogden)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Tacoma_(PF-3)" title="USS Tacoma (PF-3)">EK-11</a> (ex-Tacoma)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Pasco_(PF-6)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Pasco (PF-6)">EK-12</a> (ex-Pasco)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Hoquiam_(PF-5)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hoquiam (PF-5)">EK-13</a> (ex-Hoquiam)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Albuquerque_(PF-7)" title="USS Albuquerque (PF-7)">EK-14</a> (ex-Albuquerque)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Everett_(PF-8)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Everett (PF-8)">EK-15</a> (ex-Everett)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Sausalito_(PF-4)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Sausalito (PF-4)">EK-16</a> (ex-Sausalito)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Bisbee_(PF-46)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bisbee (PF-46)">EK-17</a> (ex-Bisbee)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Rockford_(PF-48)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Rockford (PF-48)">EK-18</a> (ex-Rockford)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Muskogee_(PF-49)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Muskogee (PF-49)">EK-19</a> (ex-Muskogee)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Carson_City_(PF-50)" title="USS Carson City (PF-50)">EK-20</a> (ex-Carson City)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Burlington_(PF-51)" title="USS Burlington (PF-51)">EK-21</a> (ex-Burlington)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Gallup_(PF-47)" title="USS Gallup (PF-47)">EK-22</a> (ex-Gallup)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Bayonne_(PF-21)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bayonne (PF-21)">EK-25</a> (ex-Bayonne)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Gloucester_(PF-22)" title="USS Gloucester (PF-22)">EK-26</a> (ex-Gloucester)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Poughkeepsie_(PF-26)" title="USS Poughkeepsie (PF-26)">EK-27</a> (ex-Poughkeepsie)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Newport_(PF-27)" title="USS Newport (PF-27)">EK-28</a> (ex-Newport)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Evansville_(PF-70)" title="USS Evansville (PF-70)">EK-30</a> (ex-Evansville)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Admirable-class_minesweeper" title="Admirable-class minesweeper">Admirable-class</a> tralshik (T) ("minesweeper")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="USS_Disdain_(AM-222)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Disdain (AM-222)">T-271</a> (ex-Disdain)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Fancy_(AM-234)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Fancy (AM-234)">T-272</a> (ex-Fancy)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Indicative_(AM-250)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Indicative (AM-250)">T-273</a> (ex-Indicative)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Marvel_(AM-262)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Marvel (AM-262)">T-274</a> (ex-Marvel)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Measure_(AM-263)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Measure (AM-263)">T-275</a> (ex-Measure)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Method_(AM-264)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Method (AM-264)">T-276</a> (ex-Method)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Mirth_(AM-265)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Mirth (AM-265)">T-277</a> (ex-Mirth)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Nucleus_(AM-268)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nucleus (AM-268)">T-278</a> (ex-Nucleus)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Palisade_(AM-270)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Palisade (AM-270)">T-279</a> (ex-Palisade)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Penetrate_(AM-271)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Penetrate (AM-271)">T-280</a> (ex-Penetrate)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Peril_(AM-272)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Peril (AM-272)">T-281</a> (ex-Peril)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Rampart_(AM-282)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Rampart (AM-282)">T-282</a> (ex-Rampart)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Candid_(AM-154)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Candid (AM-154)">T-283</a> (ex-Candid)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Caution_(AM-158)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Caution (AM-158)">T-284)</a> (ex-Caution)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Admirable_(AM-136)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Admirable (AM-136)">T-331</a> (ex-Admirable)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Adopt_(AM-137)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Adopt (AM-137)">T-332</a> (ex-Adopt)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Astute_(AM-148)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Astute (AM-148)">T-333</a> (ex-Astute)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Augury_(AM-149)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Augury (AM-149)">T-334</a> (ex-Augury)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Barrier_(AM-150)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Barrier (AM-150)">T-335</a> (ex-Barrier)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Bombard_(AM-151)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Bombard (AM-151)">T-336</a> (ex-Bombard)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Caravan_(AM-157)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Caravan (AM-157)">T-337</a> (ex-Caravan)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Captivate_(AM-156)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Captivate (AM-156)">T-338</a> (ex-Captivate)</li>

<li><a href="USS_Capable_(AM-155)" title="USS Capable (AM-155)">T-339</a> (ex-Capable)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Desantiye suda (DS) ("landing ship") (ex-<a href="LCI(L)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCI(L)">LCI(L)</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tralshik (T) ("minesweeper") (ex-<a href="Auxiliary_motor_minesweeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary motor minesweeper">YMS</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bolshiye okhotniki za povodnimi lodkami (BO) ("large antisubmarine hunter") (ex-<a href="Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">SC</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Floating workshops (ex-YR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Four unidentified units</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25329" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="World_War_II25329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Leaders

<ul><li><a href="Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li>

<li><a href="Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a> </li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a>

<ul><li><a href="North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_People's_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">Atrocities against prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li>

<li><a href="International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li>

<li>Sexual violence

<ul><li><a href="German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Manchuria" title="Rape during the occupation of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li>

<li><a href="Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="1944_Bulgarian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="1944_Romanian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Collaboration</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li>

<li><a href="German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_Peoples'_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li>Vietnam

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li>German prisoners

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li>

<li>Soviet prisoners

<ul><li><a href="Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li>

<li><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li>

<li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li>

<li><a href="1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li><a href="German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a>

<ul><li><a href="Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li>

<li><a href="June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li>

<li><a href="Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Rzhev%2C_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li>

<li><a href="Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li>

<li><a href="Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_May_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li>

<li><a href="Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li>

<li><a href="Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li>

<li><a href="End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AWorld" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_in_World_War_II3761" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II3761" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States in World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="United States aircraft production during World War II">United States aircraft production during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Woman's_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li>

<li><a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Alaska56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><div id="History_of_Alaska56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">History of Alaska</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline of Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prehistory_of_Alaska" title="Prehistory of Alaska">Prehistory</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America (1733–1867)</a></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department of Alaska (1867–1884)</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District of Alaska (1884–1912)</a></li>

<li><a href="Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Alaska#Statehood" title="History of Alaska">Recent history (1959–present)</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="1925_serum_run_to_Nome" title="1925 serum run to Nome">1925 serum run to Nome</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a></li>

<li><a href="1964_Alaska_earthquake" title="1964 Alaska earthquake">1964 earthquake</a></li>

<li><a href="1967_Fairbanks_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Fairbanks Flood">1967 Flood</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_Native_Claims_Settlement_Act" title="Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act">Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Anchorage%2C_Alaska" title="History of Anchorage, Alaska">History of Anchorage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Anchorage%2C_Alaska" title="Timeline of Anchorage, Alaska">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Fairbanks%2C_Alaska" title="History of Fairbanks, Alaska">History of Fairbanks</a></li>

<li>Other topics</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Soviet_Union&#124;link=Soviet_Union_Soviet_Union–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Soviet_Union&#124;link=Soviet_Union_Soviet_Union–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a> <a href="Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a> <a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Embassy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_Russia%2C_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Soviet Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_ambassador's_residence_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Mrs. George Pullman House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">US Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li>

<li><a href="Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Kuybyshev" title="Embassy of the United States, Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Consulates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Hammond House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_Russia%2C_San_Francisco" title="Consulate General of Russia, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Saint_Petersburg" title="Consulate General of the United States, Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Vladivostok" title="Consulate General of the United States, Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Headquarters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations#Permanent_Representatives_of_the_Soviet_Union_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_Residency" title="Russian Mission Residency">Russian Mission Residency</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Point%2C_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits#World_War_II_/_Allies_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">World War II Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations" title="Declaration of the Four Nations">Declaration of the Four Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lend-Lease_Sherman_tanks" title="Lend-Lease Sherman tanks">Lend-Lease Sherman tanks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">Moscow Conference (1941)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">Moscow Conference (1942)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference (1943)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Moscow Conference (1944)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1945)" title="Moscow Conference (1945)">Moscow Conference (1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits#Cold_War" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Cold War Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1973_United_States%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_wheat_deal" title="1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal">1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Conference_(1954)" title="Berlin Conference (1954)">Berlin Conference (1954)</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls" title="Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls">Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_for_American%E2%80%93Soviet_Trade" title="Council for American–Soviet Trade">Council for American–Soviet Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Dartmouth_Conference" title="Dartmouth Conference">Dartmouth Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighteen_Nation_Committee_on_Disarmament" title="Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament">Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Accords_(1988)" title="Geneva Accords (1988)">Geneva Accords (1988)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Conference_(1973)" title="Geneva Conference (1973)">Geneva Conference (1973)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">Geneva Summit (1985)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit (1990)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacy-Zarubin_Agreement" title="Lacy-Zarubin Agreement">Lacy-Zarubin Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Madrid_peace_conference_letter_of_invitation" title="Madrid peace conference letter of invitation">Letter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">Moscow Summit (1972)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1974)" title="Moscow Summit (1974)">Moscow Summit (1974)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow Summit (1988)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_and_Balanced_Force_Reductions" title="Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions">Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions</a></li>

<li><a href="NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">NATO Double-Track Decision</a></li>

<li><a href="Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li>

<li><a href="State_visit_by_Nikita_Khrushchev_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States">State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_135" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 135">United Nations Security Council Resolution 135</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_restitution_to_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States restitution to the Soviet Union">United States restitution to the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="US/USSR_Joint_Statement_on_Uniform_Acceptance_of_Rules_of_International_Law_Governing_Innocent_Passage" title="US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage">US/USSR Acceptance of Law Governing Innocent Passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Summit" title="Vienna Summit">Vienna Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington Summit (1987)</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Summit_(1973)" title="Washington Summit (1973)">Washington Summit (1973)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li>

<li><a href="Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Welles_Declaration" title="Welles Declaration">Welles Declaration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Triangular_diplomacy" title="Triangular diplomacy">Triangular diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero_Option" title="Zero Option">Zero Option</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1989_visit_by_Boris_Yeltsin_to_the_United_States" title="1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States">1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li>

<li><a href="And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">Evil Empire speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuzma's_mother" title="Kuzma's mother">Kuzma's mother</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoe-banging_incident" title="Shoe-banging incident">Shoe-banging incident</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Military_Power" title="Soviet Military Power">Soviet Military Power publication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties and Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Arms Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">1990 Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li>

<li><a href="Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="McCloy%E2%80%93Zorin_Accords" title="McCloy–Zorin Accords">McCloy–Zorin Accords</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="START_I" title="START I">START I</a></li>

<li><a href="Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanfried_agreement" title="Wanfried agreement">Wanfried agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a></li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Soviet_Incidents_at_Sea_agreement" title="U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement">U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Executive_Order_8484" title="Executive Order 8484">Executive Order 8484</a></li>

<li><a href="Former_Soviet_Union_Demilitarization_Act_of_1992" title="Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992">Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992</a></li>

<li><a href="FRIENDSHIP_Act_of_1993" title="FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993">FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nuclear_Threat_Reduction_Act_of_1991" title="Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991">Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion satellites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_782" title="Kosmos 782">Kosmos 782</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_936" title="Kosmos 936">Kosmos 936</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1129" title="Kosmos 1129">Kosmos 1129</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1514" title="Kosmos 1514">Kosmos 1514</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1667" title="Kosmos 1667">Kosmos 1667</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1887" title="Kosmos 1887">Kosmos 1887</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2044" title="Kosmos 2044">Kosmos 2044</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor#TOPAZ-I" title="TOPAZ nuclear reactor">TOPAZ-I</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Soviet_Space_Bridge" title="U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge">U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Yardymly_(meteorite)" title="Yardymly (meteorite)">Yardymly</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="International_Conference_of_Laser_Applications" title="International Conference of Laser Applications">International Conference of Laser Applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Shvetsov_M-25" title="Shvetsov M-25">Shvetsov M-25</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chess</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="US_vs._USSR_radio_chess_match_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945">US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">World Chess Championship 1972</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_St._Petersburg" title="Anglo-American School of St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika (magazine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Black_(1986_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Black (1986 book)">Deep Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagles_East" title="Eagles East">Eagles East</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Russian Life</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovfoto" title="Sovfoto">Sovfoto</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Admiral's_Daughter" title="The Admiral's Daughter">The Admiral's Daughter</a></li>

<li><a href="X_Article" title="X Article">X Article</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Radio / Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ordinary_People_(The_Box_song)" title="Ordinary People (The Box song)">Ordinary People</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1972_Olympic_men's_basketball_final" title="1972 Olympic men's basketball final">1972 Olympic men's basketball final</a></li>

<li><a href="1976_Philadelphia_Flyers%E2%80%93Red_Army_game" title="1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game">1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasnost_Bowl" title="Glasnost Bowl">Glasnost Bowl</a></li>

<li><a href="Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">Miracle on Ice</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Series" title="Super Series">Super Series</a></li>

<li><a href="USA%E2%80%93USSR_Track_and_Field_Dual_Meet_Series" title="USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series">USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">TV / Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_to_Be..._a_Family" title="Free to Be... a Family">Free to Be... a Family</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Soviet_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalingrad_(1990_film)" title="Stalingrad (1990 film)">Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Mr._West_in_the_Land_of_the_Bolsheviks" title="The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks">The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_National_Exhibition" title="American National Exhibition">American National Exhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo-Soyuz_(cigarette)" title="Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)">Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)</a></li>

<li><a href="In_Soviet_Georgia" title="In Soviet Georgia">In Soviet Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Interview_Project" title="Soviet Interview Project">Soviet Interview Project</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Coke" title="White Coke">White Coke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Espionage</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation#Soviet_Union" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviets</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Anadyr" title="Operation Anadyr">Operation Anadyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Breakthrough" title="Operation Breakthrough">Operation Breakthrough</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cedar" title="Operation Cedar">Operation Cedar</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Chrome_Dome" title="Operation Chrome Dome">Operation Chrome Dome</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dropshot" title="Operation Dropshot">Operation Dropshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Giant_Lance" title="Operation Giant Lance">Operation Giant Lance</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Gold" title="Operation Gold">Operation Gold</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Ivy_Bells" title="Operation Ivy Bells">Operation Ivy Bells</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Lincoln" title="Operation Lincoln">Operation Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Monopoly" title="Operation Monopoly">Operation Monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Safe_Haven_(1957)" title="Operation Safe Haven (1957)">Operation Safe Haven (1957)</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Sunrise_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Sunrise (World War II)">Operation Sunrise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Coldfeet" title="Project Coldfeet">Project Coldfeet</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Genetrix" title="Project Genetrix">Project Genetrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Grab_Bag" title="Project Grab Bag">Project Grab Bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_HOMERUN" title="Project HOMERUN">Project HOMERUN</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Moby_Dick" title="Project Moby Dick">Project Moby Dick</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mogul" title="Project Mogul">Project Mogul</a></li>

<li><a href="Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="7th_Air_Escadrille" title="7th Air Escadrille">7th Air Escadrille</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomber_gap" title="Bomber gap">Bomber gap</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">CIA activities in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_War_tensions_and_the_polio_vaccine" title="Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine">Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrophenyl_pentadienal" title="Nitrophenyl pentadienal">Nitrophenyl pentadienal</a></li>

<li><a href="Plan_Totality" title="Plan Totality">Plan Totality</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheldon_names" title="Sheldon names">Sheldon names</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_Archive" title="Smolensk Archive">Smolensk Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Moscow_rules" title="The Moscow rules">The Moscow rules</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_aerial_reconnaissance_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union">United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_plans_(1945%E2%80%931950)" title="United States war plans (1945–1950)">United States war plans (1945–1950)</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gorin_v._United_States" title="Gorin v. United States">Gorin v. United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Ni%C5%A1_incident" title="Niš incident">Niš incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1958_C-130_shootdown_incident" title="1958 C-130 shootdown incident">1958 C-130 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_RB-47_shootdown_incident" title="1960 RB-47 shootdown incident">1960 RB-47 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1961_F-84_Thunderstreak_incident" title="1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident">1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1964_T-39_shootdown_incident" title="1964 T-39 shootdown incident">1964 T-39 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autumn_Forge_83" title="Autumn Forge 83">Autumn Forge 83</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aeroflot_Flight_244" title="Aeroflot Flight 244">Aeroflot Flight 244</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_United_States" title="Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States">Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrest_of_Mark_Kaminsky_and_Harvey_Bennett" title="Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett">Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_D._Nicholson" title="Arthur D. Nicholson">Arthur D. Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crateology" title="Crateology">Crateology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambell_incident" title="Gambell incident">Gambell incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollow_Nickel_Case" title="Hollow Nickel Case">Hollow Nickel Case</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasenkina_Case" title="Kasenkina Case">Kasenkina Case</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_and_Mitchell_defection" title="Martin and Mitchell defection">Martin and Mitchell defection</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Signal" title="Moscow Signal">Moscow Signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan_Am_Flight_708" title="Pan Am Flight 708">Pan Am Flight 708</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaboard_World_Airlines_Flight_253A" title="Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A">Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A</a></li>

<li><a href="Shostakovich_v._Twentieth_Century-Fox_Film_Corp." title="Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.">Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Seven" title="Siberian Seven">Siberian Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)">Soviet submarine K-129</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_submarine_K-219" title="Soviet submarine K-219">Soviet submarine K-219</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Metallurg_Anosov" title="SS Metallurg Anosov">SS Metallurg Anosov</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_grain_embargo_against_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union">United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline" title="Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes" title="We begin bombing in five minutes">We begin bombing in five minutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeniseysk-15" title="Yeniseysk-15">Yeniseysk-15</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Russian Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Expeditionary_Force%2C_North_Russia" title="American Expeditionary Force, North Russia">American Expeditionary Force, North Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Expeditionary_Force%2C_Siberia" title="American Expeditionary Force, Siberia">American Expeditionary Force, Siberia</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution" title="United States and the Russian Revolution">United States and the Russian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_Kommandatura" title="Allied Kommandatura">Allied Kommandatura</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="ALSIB" title="ALSIB">ALSIB</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys of World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Belorussia-class_cargo_ship" title="Belorussia-class cargo ship">Belorussia-class cargo ship</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Victory_Parade_of_1945" title="Berlin Victory Parade of 1945">Berlin Victory Parade of 1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li>

<li><a href="Line_of_Contact" title="Line of Contact">Line of Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Staging_Route" title="Northwest Staging Route">Northwest Staging Route</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Route" title="Pacific Route">Pacific Route</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Dakotan" title="SS Dakotan">SS Dakotan</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Iowan" title="SS Iowan">SS Iowan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripartite_Naval_Commission" title="Tripartite Naval Commission">Tripartite Naval Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_West_Bridge" title="USS West Bridge">USS West Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_airlift" title="Warsaw airlift">Warsaw airlift</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Power_Naval_Commission" title="Four Power Naval Commission">Four Power Naval Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-Power_Authorities" title="Four-Power Authorities">Four-Power Authorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_liaison_missions" title="Military liaison missions">Military liaison missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Holland-class_submarine" title="American Holland-class submarine">AG submarines</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">Bell P-63 Kingcobra</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_the_AK-47_and_M16" title="Comparison of the AK-47 and M16">Comparison of the AK-47 and M16</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Indigirka" title="SS Indigirka">SS Indigirka</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-4" title="Tupolev Tu-4">Tupolev Tu-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-70" title="Tupolev Tu-70">Tupolev Tu-70</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-80" title="Tupolev Tu-80">Tupolev Tu-80</a></li>

<li><a href="USCGC_Southwind" title="USCGC Southwind">USCGC Southwind</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amtorg_Trading_Corporation" title="Amtorg Trading Corporation">Amtorg Trading Corporation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ansonia_Clock_Company" title="Ansonia Clock Company">Ansonia Clock Company</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_for_Social_Inventions" title="Foundation for Social Inventions">Foundation for Social Inventions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gennady_Alferenko" title="Gennady Alferenko">Gennady Alferenko</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_US_and_Canadian_Studies" title="Institute for US and Canadian Studies">Institute for US and Canadian Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Soviet_Government_Bureau" title="Russian Soviet Government Bureau">Russian Soviet Government Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Government_Purchasing_Commission_in_the_U.S." title="Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.">Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ark_Project" title="Ark Project">Ark Project</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">American Peace Mobilization</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Russian_Institute" title="American Russian Institute">American Russian Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="American%E2%80%93Soviet_friendship_movement" title="American–Soviet friendship movement">American–Soviet friendship movement</a></li>

<li><a href="American-Soviet_Peace_Walks" title="American-Soviet Peace Walks">American-Soviet Peace Walks</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Citizen_Initiatives" title="Center for Citizen Initiatives">Center for Citizen Initiatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_of_Soviet_Russia" title="Friends of Soviet Russia">Friends of Soviet Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendship_Flight_'89" title="Friendship Flight '89">Friendship Flight '89</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendship_Flight_(Alaska_Airlines)" title="Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)">Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fund_for_Armenian_Relief" title="Fund for Armenian Relief">Fund for Armenian Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennan_Institute" title="Kennan Institute">Kennan Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Kersten_Committee" title="Kersten Committee">Kersten Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Council_of_American%E2%80%93Soviet_Friendship" title="National Council of American–Soviet Friendship">National Council of American–Soviet Friendship</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian-American_Industrial_Corporation" title="Russian-American Industrial Corporation">Russian-American Industrial Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_War_Relief" title="Russian War Relief">Russian War Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Technical_Aid_to_Soviet_Russia" title="Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia">Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Peace_Council" title="U.S. Peace Council">U.S. Peace Council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baltic_Freedom_Day" title="Baltic Freedom Day">Baltic Freedom Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Captive_Nations_Week" title="Captive Nations Week">Captive Nations Week</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Joe_(electric_locomotive)" title="Little Joe (electric locomotive)">Little Joe</a></li>

<li><a href="New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">New world order (politics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li>

<li><a href="Roswell_Garst" title="Roswell Garst">Roswell Garst</a></li>

<li><a href="Samantha_Smith" title="Samantha Smith">Samantha Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-propelled_barge_T-36" title="Self-propelled barge T-36">Self-propelled barge T-36</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisson_Documents" title="Sisson Documents">Sisson Documents</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty_of_Puerto_Rico_during_the_Cold_War" title="Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War">Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzanne_Massie" title="Suzanne Massie">Suzanne Massie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Category:Soviet Union–United States relations</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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